TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1

1. Anglo-Indian Life-Writing from 1818 to the Present 1 1.1 Lives and Life-Writing in British India 2 1.2 The Heritage of British India Today 5 1.3 Theoretical Approach, Structure, and Sources 8

2. Theorising Self-Narration and Collectivity 12 2.1 Habitualisation, Institutionalisation, and Social Role 14 2.2 Personal Identity, Collective Identity, and Cultural Memory 18 2.3 Self-Narration and Its Collective Frames 22

II. NEGOTIATING COLLECTIVITY IN ANGLO-INDIAN LIFE-WRITING 32

1. 'With Pen and Pencil': Paratext and Conceptual Framework 37 1.1 The Conflict of Public and Private 39 1.1.1 Strategies of Dissociation 40 1.1.2 The Author as Historical 'Witness' 44 1.2 Configuring Anglo-Indian Identity 52 1.2.1 Institutional Identification 53 1.2.2 The Relationship to India 59 1.3 Genre Conventions and Narrative Structure 71 1.3.1 Conventionalised Plots and the Anecdotal Mode 72 1.3.2 Perspective Structure and Experiential Distance 89

2. 'The Usual Assortment': Social Life and Social Contacts 95 2.1 Social Interaction in Anglo-Indian Society 98 2.1.1 Hierarchy and the Individual 99 2.1.2 Community and Social Routine 108 2.2 Institutions, Codes, and Practices 122 2.2.1 Individual, Institution, and Social Role 125 2.2.2 Transgressive Women and Incorporated Wives 143

3. 'The Exiles' Line': History, Tradition, and Continuity 157 3.1 Continuity and Family Tradition 158 3.1.1 Constructing Links to India 159 3.1.2 Autobiography and Family History 165 3.2 Cultural Memory, History, and the Canon 175 3.2.1 Remembering the Indian Mutiny 176 3.2.2 The Frame of European Literature and Culture 191 3.3 Communicating the Anglo-Indian Experience 199 3.3.1 Letters as Lifeline 199 3.3.2 The Editorial Paratext 207

III. ANGLO-INDIAN LIFE-WRITING THEN AND NOW 225

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

1. Primary Sources 233
2. Secondary Sources 243