Calorie Restriction in Different Species.- History of Caloric Restriction, Aging and Longevity.- Food Intake, Life Style, Aging and Human Longevity.- Okinawa: A Naturally Calorie Restricted Population.- Aging and the Effect of Calorie Restriction in Rhesus Monkeys.- Dietary Restriction and Aging in Drosophila Melanogaster.- Aging and Dietary Restriction: The Yeast Paradigm.- The Nutritional Geometry of Aging.- Biochemical and Metabolic Mechanisms of Calorie Restriction.- Oxidative Stress, Dietary Restriction and Aging.- Calorie Restriction Mimetics and Aging.- Will Calorie Restriction Stave Off Age-Related Brain Dysfunction, Specifically to Learning and Memory? A Review and Critique of the Rodent Literature.- The Aging Liver and the Effects of Long Term Caloric Restriction.- Food Restriction, Hormones, Genes and Aging.- Hormesis as a Mechanism for the Anti-Aging Effects of Calorie Restriction.- Calorie Restriction in the Clinical Setting.- Calorie Restriction and Obesity.- Caloric Restriction and Cardiovascular Disease.- The Effect of Caloric Restriction on Physiological, Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes in Humans: Results from CALERIE.- Calorie Restriction and Cancer: An Update.- Conclusion: Human Calorie Restriction and Anti-aging Therapy.