Preface PART I. Crisis in American Corrections CHAPTER 1. From Theory to Policy: Evidence-Based Corrections Theories of Corrections Six Theories in Brief Utility, Opinion, and Evidence Evidence-Based Corrections Conclusion: What's Ahead? CHAPTER 2. Correctional Theory in Crisis: America's Changing Context What Is Rehabilitation? The Rise of the Rehabilitative Ideal Attacking Rehabilitation The Nothing Works Doctrine: Martinson and Beyond Conclusion: Crisis in Correctional Theory PART II. The Punishment Response CHAPTER 3. Just Deserts: Doing Justice or Getting Tough? The Concepts of Retribution and Just Deserts: Punishing the Crime Retribution: Just and Painful Four Problems for Retribution The Justice Model: Restraining State Discretion What Went Wrong? Winning the Battle but Losing the War Conclusion: The Need for Crime Control CHAPTER 4. Deterrence: Scaring Offenders Straight The Concept of Deterrence Is Deterrence a Conservative Theory? The Theoretical Assumptions of Deterrence Studying Whether Deterrence Works: Assessing Types of Evidence Policy Changes That Increase Punishment Macro-Level Studies of Punishment and Crime Rates Perceptual Deterrence Studies Deterrence in the Community The Effects of Imprisonment Conclusion: The Limits of Deterrence CHAPTER 5. Incapacitation: Locking Up the Wicked Too Many Prisoners More Than Enough Criminals The Concept of Incapacitation Estimating the Incapacitation Effect: Studying Individual Offenders Estimating the Incapacitation Effect: Macro-Level Studies Conclusion: Compared to What? PART III. The Social Welfare Response CHAPTER 6. Restorative Justice: Reintegrative Shaming The Concept of Restorative Justice The Appeal of Restorative Justice Three Problems Does Restorative Justice Work? Conclusion: The Limits of Harm CHAPTER 7. Rehabilitation: What Works to Change Offenders The Concept of Rehabilitation Knowing What Works Challenging Nothing Works: Narrative Reviews Challenging Nothing Works: Meta-Analytic Reviews What Does Not Work What Does Work: Principles of Effective Intervention What Else Might Work? Conclusion: Reaffirming Rehabilitation PART IV. Extending the Vision of Corrections CHAPTER 8. Reentry: Saving Offenders from a Life in Crime From Parole to Reentry The Reentry Problem Reentry Programs The Effectiveness Problem Two Things to Keep in Mind Conclusion: Saving Offenders From a Life in Crime CHAPTER 9. Early Intervention: Saving Children From a Life in Crime Lessons From Childhood Criminology The Need for Early Intervention Five Programs That Work-At Least When Done Right Two More Reasons to Support Early Intervention Conclusion: Beyond Adult-Limited Corrections CHAPTER 10. Six Correctional Lessons: Choosing Our Future Three Themes Four Lessons Conclusion: Choosing Our Future References Index About the Authors