Introduction

Species Richness and Diversity of Marine Vertebrates

Part I: Biomaterials of Vertebrates Origin. An Overview

Conclusion

References

Part II: Biomineralization in Marine Vertebrates

1. Cartilage of marine vertebrates

2.1. From non-mineralized to mineralized cartilage

2.1.1. Marine cartilage: Biomechanics and Material Properties

2.1.2. Marine cartilage: Tissue Engineering

2.1.3. Shark cartilage: Medical Aspect

2.1.4. Conclusion

References

1. Biocomposites and Mineralized Tissues

3.1. Bone

3.1.1. Whale Bone: Size, Chemistry And Material Properties

3.1.2. Whale Bone Haus

3.1.3. Conclusion

References

3.3. Tooth

3.3.1. Tooth-Like Structures

3.3.2. Keratinized Teeth

3.3.3. Rostral Teeth

3.3.4. Pharyngeal Denticles And Teeth

3.3.5. Extra-Oral And Extra-Mandibular Teeth

3.3.6. Vertebrate Oral Teeth

3.3.6.1. Folded Teeth

3.3.6.2. Hypermineralized Tooth Plates

3.3.6.3. Shark Teeth

3.3.6.4. Whale Teeth

3.3.6.5. Narwhal Tusk

3.3.6.6. Walrus Tusk

3.3.7. Conclusion

References

3.4. Otoconia And Otoliths

3.4.1. Chemistry and Biochemistry Of Otoconia And Otoliths

3.4.2. Practical Applications Of The Fish Otoliths

3.4.3. Conclusion

References

3.5. Egg Shells Of Marine Vertebrates

3.5.1. Egg Shells Of Marine Reptilia

3.5.2. Egg Shells Of Sea Birds

3.5.3. Conclusion

References

3.6. Biomagnetite in Marine Vertebrates

3.6.1. Magnetite in Marine Fish

3.6.2. Magnetite in Marine Reptiles

3.6.3. Magnetite in Sea Birds

3.6.4. Magnetite in Cetaceans

3.6.5. Conclusion

References

3.7. Biohalite

3.7.1. Diversity and Origin of Salt Glands in Marine Vertebrates

3.7.2. Salt Glands: From Anatomy To Cellular Level

3.7.3. Conclusion

References

3.8. Pathological Biomineralization in Marine Vertebrates

3.8.1. Conclusion

References

3.9. Silica-based Minerals in Marine Vertebrates

3.9.1. Conclusion

References

Part III: Marine Fishes as Source of Unique Biocomposites

1. Fish Scales as Mineral-based Composites

4.1. Enamel and Enameloid

4.2. Dentine and Dentine-based Composite

4.3. Fish Scales, Scutes And Denticles: Diversity And Structure

4.4. Conclusion

References

1. Materials Design Principles of Fish Scales and Armor

5.1. Biomechanics of Fish Scales

5.2. Fish Swimming And The Surface Shape Of Fish Scale

5.2.1 Superoleophobicity of Fish Scale Surfaces

5.2.2 Selfcleaning of Fish Scales and Biomimetic Applitions

5.3. Conclusion

References

1. Fish Skin: From Clothing to Tissue Engineering

6.1. Fish Skin Clothing and Leather

6.2. Shagreen

6.3. Fish Scales and Skin as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

6.4. Conclusion

References

1. Fish Fins and Rays as Inspiration for Materials Engineering and Robotics

7.1. Fish Fins and Rays: Diversity, Structure and Function

7.1.1. Fish Wings: Fins of Flying Fish

7.2. Fish Fin Spines and Rays

7.3. Chemistry of Fish Fin: Elastoidin

7.4. Fin Regeneration and Fin Cell Culture

7.5. Robotic Fish-Like Devices

7.5.1. Fish and Designing of Smart Materials

7.5.2. Fish Biorobotics

7.6. Conclusion

References

Part IV: Marine Biopolymers of Vertebrate Origin

1. Marine Collagens

8.1. Isolation and properties of fish collagens

8.2. Fish collagen as Biomaterial

8.3. Conclusion

References

1. Marine Gelatins

9.1. Fish Gelatin-based Films

9.2. Shark skin and Cartilage Gelatin

9.3. Conclusion

References

1. Marine Elastin

10.1. Elastin-like Proteins in Lamprey

10.2. Fish Elastin

10.3. Cetacean Elastin
10.4. Conclusion

References

1. Marine Keratins

11.1. Intermediate Filaments

11.2. Hagfish Slime

11.3. Whale Baleen

11.4. Conclusion

References

1. Egg-capsule Proteins of Selachians

12.1. Collagen

12.2. Polyphenol-containing Proteins

12.3. Conclusion

References

1. Marine Structural Proteins in